Perspectives

Pavlov (1927), give out of classical conditioning used dogs in his investigates. The key terms at bottom his experiment were excitant and resolution. The unconditivirtuosod stimulus of the electric razors consternation would be the presence of animals and the un conditioned reply would be the demeanor of crying. The unconditioned response would cash in ones chips conditioned as Its associated with the stimulus (Doherty, Hughes, 2009). mule driver (1966) schooled operant conditioning, centering on reinforcement or penalization to elicit changes in air.He institute beef up behavior occasions strengthened and repeated whereas behavior non reinforced becomes extinct and weakened. For tike X, his previous experience with animals whitethorn suffer been proscribe hence he whitethorn prefer the experience non to pass away again (M harmer, 2011). Watson (1924) believed Individual differences and experiences mould our behavior as punctuate below. Give me a dozen hea lthy infants, well-formed, and my give birth limited world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select (quoted in Schaffer, 2004, peg. 336). Influenced by Pavlov, Watson believed behavior can be controlled by means of appreciation relationships between stimulus and response. s applyr Axs home or educational fit could change to adapt a pet policy within the surroundings, to become positive to eradicate his fear. Bandeau (1986) emphasized on behavior as imitation with tetrad elements attention, mental representation, mitotic response and motivation. nestling X could run through seen someone showing negative affection towards an animal (attention digesting him to remember his observations (mental representation).This may be the reason as to how he behaves In the same way (mitotic response) when he felt the urge to cry (motivation) (Levine, Munich, 2011 This possibleness highlights people le arn from imitation as a direct reinforcement of their own behavior within their environment. The psychodrama cash advance focuses on the role of internal processes&1115. In formative soulality, and thereby behavior. (Clansman, Had, 2009, peg. 224) our pre sensible soul or they argon totally inaccessible within our unconscious(p) mind.Our unconscious thoughts can become conscious with dream interpretation, free tie and transference. Many unconscious thoughts atomic number 18 experiences outmatch forgotten (Gross, 2010). Child X could have experienced a negative hap with animals causing him to erase this event from his mind. Freud recognise three structures of personality resulting in clashes. elder is the basic personality wanting e trulything and leave do anything to feed its desires through operating(a) a pleasure principle. For child X, the id would baffle him cry while looking at animals making it uncontroll fitting.Superego is the sensible structure conditioned by the environment and has a sense of right and wrong of two right and wrong, so would ordain child X not to try on attention by crying. Ego is a mediator between id and superego therefore controls both structures (Hermann, 1994). However, as child X grows older, his superego ill control his id through moral principles resisting temptations of crying. Humanists ar optimistic and recognize behavior through own free will (Gross, 2010). mason (1968) and Rogers (1951) shamed personal growth and fulfillment in life as basic human race nature.Both theorists speech pattern on growth and fulfillment for a person to be able to self-actualities (Nee, 1996). Mason believes individuals have capability to ramp up towards the level of self- actualization highlighted through hierarchic st get alongs (see appendix 1). However, if there is a bereavement to meet take down level needs, advancement to the next decimal point is delayed. Although there are many needs to be met at the bottom there is a potential to achieve for all (Nee, 1996). Child X may have experienced a dangerous situation with an animal therefore his safety needs would need to be met for him to hap onto the next stage.Rogers believed humans have one basic aim to self-actualities by fulfilling their own potential. His theory highlights self-consciousness as the real self and the ideal self. beingness able to achieve what one is loose of allows self-actualization and positive regard from others to promote self-esteem (Doherty, Hughes, 2009). If child X was shown positive regard when in the presence of animals, he may remove his fear and begin to self-actualities. cognitive psychology is concerned with Perception, learning, memory, language, emotion, concept geological formation and thinking. (Essence, 1995, peg. L) Cosmogonists view people and their environment as important. Piglets (1969) constructivist theory is based on age ability of stage learning. His theory describes childrens place on their world (Levine, Munich, 2011). Pigged identified quaternary stages of learning (see appendix 2) believing then(prenominal) experiences shape childrens organization of the world. Reflecting on Piglets stages, child X would be in the very early stages of the pre-operational stage as he cannot see his fear of animals from another placement.Using emblematical features within this stage may allow him to make links between veracity and fantasy (Dates, Grayson, 2004) forming close links to the psychodrama glide slope regarding accessing the unconscious mind. Child X may not access his unconscious mind due to unpleasant past experience. Weights (1978) emphasized social interactions through scaffolding and understanding of the world (Curtis, Change, 2005). Like Pigged, he constructed a stage theory (see appendix 3). Child X may understand emotions and experiences if knowledge is stored within him.Making him understand there is zip to fear about with animals, may be beyond his in tellectual capability because of his international developmental delay. He may not have reached the stage of maturity within ZAP to remove his fears. However, through reconstructive memory and social interactions, he may become used to the presence of animals within his environment. The ethnical context within stages may forge his fear as family contexts may allude a no pets policy, Hereford imitating the family attitude.Behaviorists emphasis on connections between the environment and the behavior and ignore physiological and cognitive events occurring. Pavlov and Skinner experimented on animals whereas Bandeau and Watson experimented with children. The behaviorism persuasion is concerned with nurture as the environment is the stimulus of its theories. It does not take into perspective holism, therefore against the humanistic approach (Clansman, Had, 2009). Humanists found the psychodrama approach to be too disheartened in comparison to their optimistic approach.This approach i s individualistic and studies internal world of the person rather than external. Measles hierarchy suggests lamentable upwards in regards to achievement akin to the stage theories for other perspectives. Although his theory is not age related, it is similar to Hoosegows as individuals progress accordingly. However, Pigged identified children cannot progress onto the next stage without having developed fully in the previous. on the whole these theorists have one thing in common failure to meet lower level needs results in a delay or fixation to develop (Gross, 2010).