The Historical Development of Counselling

1. 1 Explain the historical diement of management Counselling and Psych other(a)apy began in the early 18th century. The shift in how fiat dealt with mental health issues came about primarily due to the climax of the popularisation of science through the beginning of the industrial revolution. Society became to a greater extent and more transient and anonymous and the responsibility for behaviour became from the individual rather than from the residential district as a whole. In the 1880s Sigmund Freud developed a supposition about the unconscious mind and went on to create psychoanalysis.Many therapists encounter been influenced by Freud and gone on to develop his theories. Freud collaborated with a number of analysts and destiny up the Vienna Psychoanalytic society. Notable amongst these is Carl Jung who developed Psychodynamics and focussed on dream analysis. Alfred Adler whos most famous opinion was the inferiority mixed and also Otto Rank who was the secretary of the society. B. F Skinner was also influenced by Freuds work. Skinner rejected the nonion of the psyche and developed his suffer hypothesis c all(prenominal)ed radical behaviourism which is essentially the science of behaviour.Abraham Maslow developed the theory of a * Hierarchy of Human Needs (1943) Maslow believed that there where a grade number of postulate which had to be met out front the lymph gland was able to pass egotism actualisation, a term meaning the customer reaching their amply potential. Carl Rogers was the important proponent of person centred therapy which began in the 1940s. This approach was Humanistic and axiom the thickening rather than the therapist as the expert of their life. Person centred therapy believes the lymph gland holds the answers and has the power of autonomy.The proponent is there to help facilitate this process by use of the core conditions. This humanistic approach relies less on aesculapian knowledge and training and more on lay analysis. The principles of humanistic medication atomic number 18 communication, abide by and also an emotional connection between counselling and their lymph node. 1. 2 Explain the philosophical basis of Person Centred Counselling. The basis of the person centred approach is an optimistic outlook of individuals and a belief that people hold the ability and inner resources to be able to resolve their own issues and shine forward in a positive direction.It believes that all humans are innately social and constructive creations and that we are all motivated to look for the truth. We also directed by our need for ego esteem all(prenominal) individuals behavior is influenced by how they perceive themselves. We are all essay to develop and be the best that we faeces be, and this process is channelise by innate and external forces. By using the core conditions of Congruence, savorless positive regard and empathy the direction is able to develop a remedy relationship with the thickening.This relationship should be found on equality and the counselling should provide a caoutchouc environs in which the client is authorise to explore their ego perception and chance upon greater egotism awareness. This self awareness will enable the client to create secure in their self concept and go on to enable them to fulfill their amply potential. 1. 3 Explain the key concept principles of Person Centred Counselling The main principles of Person Centred Counselling include a right to autonomy.No advice or guidance should be hitn by the proponent as the client has the ability to self actualise and find their own answers. The ability to incur themselves achieves beneficial long term results as the client will nail how to look at their own intuitive feelingings and actions in the future and become self sustaining. Rogers demonstrates a 7 Stage process of change to attempt to mop up how the client moves forward during the counselling process. At th e beginning of the counselling the client will feel defensive and rigid in their thoughts. The will reserve poor self-awareness and puzzle trouble recognising feelings.As the therapy continues they will undergo a graduate change encompassing the following stages. * Personal Constructs- Conditions thought of as facts and not open to change. * Internal Dialogue. A fear or evasion of ingrained conversations and the client is fearful of envisageing too much. * Expression. thickening fearful and uncomfortable in expressing themselves * Differentiation and elaboration of experience. Clients start indorse seeing things in a very black and white trend with no grey areas. This change during the counselling process.* Perception of problems. Clients start gain believing it is other people that have the problem but bit by bit come to terms with their own issues and no longer fear them. * pose to change. The client goes from not believing they back tooth or should change to being ope n to and even relishing the possibility. * Bodily Changes. The client will have less physical symptoms of unhappiness such a headaches, irritability etcetera Their feeling of contentment will manifest themselves and a healthier outlook. It ineluctably to be recognised that every client is individual and there is no guarantee how they will go about the therapeutic process.These stages should only be looked as a guide to some of the steps the client whitethorn take. 1. 4 Explain how Person Centred Counselling would inform the practice of a qualified trained counsellor By creating a therapeutic environment in which the client feel safe to be entirely estimable and open about their thoughts and feelings we can enable the client to be become self actualised and able to find a way to move forward. In evidence to create this environment we need to offer the client warmth, respect and a safe place where they can openly explore themselves.This go of unconditional positive regard will en able the client to feel accepted and understood and this will encourage them to practice full self disclosure without any fear of judgement or rejection. The counsellor needs to be aware of the clients anxiety and able to enter the clients own humans and develop and understanding of it. Rogers wrote * It (empathy) means temporarily living in his/her life, pathetic about in it delicately without making judgements, sensing meanings of which he/she is hardly aware, but not trying to uncover feelings of which this person is totally unaware, since this would be too threatening. This feeling of empathy with what the client is experiencing and ability demonstrate this understanding to the client will build a reassurance within the client that we have a deep emotional awareness of what they are experiencing. In order to achieve these conditions we firstly need to establish congruence. Rogers states ** personal growth is facilitated when the counsellor is what he is, when the relationship with his client is genuine and without front or facade , openly being the feelings and attitudes which at that moment are flowing in him.The counsellor should be able to be genuine and open with their feelings and understanding and be able to demonstrate this transparency to the client during their relationship. 1. 5 Explain how the elect model influences the understanding of the development of the self concept. The Organismic self is an internal evaluation system we are all born with. It gives us an innate awareness of how to sustain wants and needs. The organismic self has the following traits. * Spontaneous /germinal/fluid * self-perpetuated/ regulated self-directing- Knows how to drive forward to goal * self-maintaining- How to keep safe and well * self-enhancing- Knows what gives pleasure * self-replicating This system is defined by Rogers as the internal locus of evaluation and can be defined in the following way * How you feel about right/wrong- good/bad- what you want/ tak e overt want * This is an image of the ideal self and how you perceive you should think/act *1980 p142 **Person to Person p90 As we mature we interact more with other people and our valuing system begins to change.In order to gain cheers and acceptance from people around us we adapt our behaviour. The first fashion model of this will usually be as a child trying to interest and parent or guardian and may extend to family, friends, colleagues and society as whole as we get older. We develop a self concept which is how we would like to be perceived by others and is based on what we feel we should be like in order to gain heat and acceptance. Rogers defines these changes as the external locus of evaluation and is * Driven by other individuals/society Creates ideal self what how you perceive you should be * Needs approbation from others to gain love an acceptance * Conditions of worth- Acting in a true way to be loved By living with this self concept we can feel lost and conflic ted about who we are. Our sense of worth is based on how we perceive other people to be reacting to us and we can develop a reliance on a need to please others in order to value ourselves. Person centred counselling aims to get the client to recognise their own inner feelings and to re-introduce them to their organismic self.By doing this we can hope to achieve wherein the Organismic self and the Self Concept circle and we are able to live to our full potential. 1. 6 Explain wherefore it is important to have an understanding of a therapeutic model before using its methods and techniques Unless the therapeutic model is used then a counsellor would be unable(p) to work with the core conditions and may be unable to demonstrate congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy. All these are critical in order for the client to feel comfortable and able to theatrical role their innermost thoughts and feelings.It is vital the counsellor and client have an awareness of superior b oundaries and the counsellor has sufficient knowledge and insight to look the client is not left in an unsafe position. By ensuring the rules are clearly defined and the beginning of the process through the use of a contract the client will be fully aware of what they can expect from the counselling. For example, the client needs to be made aware they will not be receiving advice and they will be expected to find their own answers.The management of the expectations of the client will prevent them from feeling frustration with the counsellor and also give them a greater insight into the therapeutic process. The counsellor needs a full understanding of all the stages of the process of change in order to move the client forward and have awareness when the counselling has reached its immanent conclusion. This will enable to the client to move on and not develop and over reliance on the therapy sessions. By ensuring the above conditions are met the counsellor has a solid base in which to begin the counselling and ensure the client has a positive experience.