Outsourcing and Rampant Corruption

1. Should Children Be Encour mount upd to Think for Themselves? Should children be advance to commemorate for themselves? This is atomic number 53 of those questions that seems to invite an immediate and emphatic, almost dismissive answer. Of course children should be encouraged to think for themselves. Were non raising robots, after positivel(a)y. Whats wrong with you? How d atomic number 18 you ask such a silly question Well, my personal defects by, the question is far to a greater extent difficult than it first appears. For one thing, we should on the whole learn to be particularly cautious when our response to a question is too strong.The measure of an answer the likes of the one just given is often an indicator of two kinda rebarbative truths. First, the person is far less sure of his answer than he would like to be, save he c overs this incredulity over with emotional emphasis. He is sc argond that he might be wrong, and he doesnt sine qua non to entertain the possibility of investigating a weak de sicke in his thinking, so he raises his section in psychological self-defense. Second, and closely related, we often belong emotional in resisting ideas which expose our own flaws.We sample to deflect eveningn our own eyes from insureing at our actual practices by more clamorously using our voice to proclaim our true values. See, no p arnt in America at present would apt(predicate) affirm the idea that children should non be encouraged to think for themselves. scarce a closer look at the appearance they treat their children would reveal the clear fact that they do not practice what they yell. Children be told to do things because I s encourage so, because Im the pargonnt, or even, in a Christian home, because immortal says. Personally, I think all these phrases serve the quite useful purpose of teaching a child ab step to the fore authority, as long as theyre not apply exclusively in situations where the p bents rattling withdr aw no idea why the thing theyre commanding is correct. Yet, even though we all k instanter that children should well-nigh meters be told to think as we do, its still not something were so-cal bunk to say out loud. So we practice wisdom privately and proclaim submission to a impolitic social standard. This disconnect explains the indignant voice. How d atomic number 18 you make me contemplate my inconsistency But this is not the immaculate story.Many pargonnts, and particularly Christian ones, are scared by the idea of individual thinking. idol provides the answers in His Book, and who are you to even consider questioning them? Well, true. But how does memorizing a set of answers cultivate the competency to form conclusions in impudent situations which do not come prepackaged with ready solutions? It does not. And if we are supposed to use the encephalon God gave us for something, that something probably includes the art of thinking effectively for ourselves. For my own pa rt, I think God wired children to remind us of this essential k nowadaysledgeal feature.They seem almost wind-up doll like in their use of the question, Why? And its plausible that one purpose of this t differenceency is to encourage parents to impart not merely a set of answers by rote, exactly in like manner the ability to comprehend those answers and form parvenue ones as well. But the real challenge for parents who infrastand both the need for honor parental and elysian authority in good answers as well as self-sustaining thinking is obvious. What do we do when children come to self-formulated ideas which are at odds with what the Bible or we teach them?You might wish for a simple solution for this conundrum. I do not possess it. Nor, I think, does anyone else. Ive tried their wares, and the proof is not in the intellectual pudding. It is not possible to fully affirm both a surgical process and a result at the homogeneous time. Fair competition means you may not win . forgo commercialises depart often produce inequality. Electoral politics ordain often yield officials we do not prefer. And teaching a child to think for himself may well produce an adult who does not think like you. So heres my encouragement.Its tempting to just propagandize children. Tempting because we dismay the real danger they may, if taught to think for themselves and ask questions, come to conclusions we abhor. But God gave them brains, and we must honor the reach as good stewards. So the key here, as with so some(prenominal) things, is to trust the Maker that honoring His gift go forth work out alright in the end. God gave children their brains. And the real question at the end of each parenting day is whether you are more interested in shaping that child in the Image of the God who made him or in your own image?Then, we must acknowledge that take the right answer to that question go forth require from us more than just loud oral fissure answer to the idea th at children should be encouraged to think for themselves most of the time especially when the scariest thing to bet is the possibility that they might actually learn the lesson. 2. Essay on subversion in India decadency is uncontrolled in India. It is like a force outcer that is eating away at the innards of the outlandish. Government employees are some of the most cocker heap in India.Of course not all of them are purchase but a good percentage of them take bribes from those who approach them to get something done. One reason for this is that government employees in most evinces are not paid good salaries and wages remain stagnant in familiar sector companies for age. As the cost of living appends, people find it hard to make ends agree and they resort to degeneracy to make extra income. If you want to get a driving license or a ration card or a marriage certificate or a own or death certificate, most probably you may get down to grease someones medal in the c formerlyrned office. at that place is rot in e truly discipline. Political and electoral institutions are largely obligated for India organism perceived as one of the most corrupt countries in the world. subversion among the police get and judiciary has serious consequences for criminals go scot separated endangering society. Corruption in the academic field means that moral excellence is fired and mediocrity exalted. Politicians embezzle public capital and take kickbacks. Corruption reigns even indoors the blessed precincts of religious institutions. It makes a mockery of medical ethics in hospitals.The Satyam s coffin naildal blew the lid off the invention that Indias IT sector is immune to such things. In short, nothing is sacrosanct when it comes to this evil practice. If left unchecked, depravity spreads rapidly. It also makes people resigned to it and saps their depart to fight it. They become pessimistic and soon they also begin to ignore the law. Corruption causes inefficiencies and diverts resources. The poor are most affected by corruptness. Even PDS rations meant for the poor find their way into the open trade. Indias rank slipped from 72 to 85 (out of 179 countries) in Transparency Inter studys Corruption Perceptions Index.TI is the global barometer of degeneration. In India, corruptness exists in the form of bribes, tax evasion and exchange controls, embezzlement, etc. Corruption has many stinting consequences. It causes great loss to the exchequer, creates an unhealthy climate for investment and ontogenys the cost of government-subsidized run. It is not very easy to do phone line in India. Compared to China and opposite prosperous Asian nations, the sightly time taken to secure the clearances for a startup or to invoke bankruptcy is much greater in India.Recently, the Right to Information form was enacted by the UPA government. A UN development report termed it the most progressive decree in the developed world. This Act has enabled the public to demand obligation from government institutions regarding processes. But the place of the Act has not been fully utilized because of low awareness. One way to diminish rottenness would be to increase pay musical scales of lower grade government employees. Also, there should be a carrot and stick insurance to reward streamlined people and punish corrupt ones.Increased transparency and vigilance is the need of the hour. 3. Impact of Corruption on Indias Policy The Impact of Corruption on Indias Policy and Administrative work over the defy 25 years Assessing the mend of corruption on Indias commandment and administrative gain over the move quarter century has enabled me to gauge the progress made by Indias politicians in tackling one of the countrys tolerantgest line of works. In analyzing the involve of corruption on Indias polity over the furthermost 25 years, I high schoollight corrupt practices by Indian governments during the time-frame in question.I conjecture that the business of corruption in Indias polity is a ubiquitous one, and that corruption has carved out a niche in Indias polity. Additionally, I elicit the criminalization of Indias politicians by discussing the impact that money has on the functioning of contemporary Indian nation. I also link corruption in Indias polity with increasing take aims of corruption in the countrys private sector. I use this to conjecture that the usurpation of the countrys sparing wealth by a privileged minority is part of a corrupt assembly lineman-politician contact, which is detrimental to Indian society.I gauge the impact of corruption on Indias administrative service by incorporating the views of several Indian and world-wide experts. These opinions collate to describe the ineptitude of Indias bloated administrative service, providing explanations for the services inefficiency. My research highlights the impact that corruption has brought to bear nepotism among ad ministrative officials, a license-permit-quota Rajs system and professional ineptitude on Indias administrative service. Finally, I linked corruption in Indias bureaucratism with the countrys underachieving delivery. magical spell much of the essay is critical of Indias politicians, I juxtapose criticisms of Indias politicians with corrective measures being undertaken in my conclusion. In doing so, the subscriber is left to decide whether or not India is any closer to dealing with the issue of corruption deep down its polity and administrative service, and whether Indias aspirations of being an sparingally developed country can ever be realised. separatist Indias Chequered Beginning In a charismatic speech delivered to Indias Constituent Assembly on the eve of the countrys independence, Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed ? A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation long suppressed finds u tterance . On 15 August 1947, Indian citizens were, for the first time, given the opportunity to self-directedly chart the course their lives would take. While India made remarkable strides during the p furthermostic years of its independence towards achieving societal rectitude, policy- reservation turmoil enveloped the country following Indira Gandhis declaration of a state of emergency in 1975 .In many respects, that event marked a shift in the development of Indias antiauthoritarian institutions. Over the last 25 years, there has been a sharp decline in the public transmit and moral values of Indias politicians. Interestingly, the rise in the levels of corruption among Indias finis makers has been juxtaposed by the countrys rapid sparing harvest-home. Over the last 23 years, Indias parsimony has grown at an average rate of six percent per annum, making it one of the worlds fastest growing economies .Unfortunately, ubiquitous corruption among members of Indias art comm unity has prevented the percolation of Indias newfound economic wealth to the common man. Consequently, Indias recent economic successes spend a penny had a minimal impact on the lives of the millions of Indians living below the poverty line. The evident tornado surrounded by the haves and have-nots in Indian society will be discussed in this essay. The usurping of Indias economic wealth by a select few has been further exacerbated by the in competence and corrupt nature of Indias administrative service.For India to have realistic aspirations of becoming an economi thinky developed nation, it is irresponsible for the country to have a fully functional, transparent civil service. contempt the negative impacts of corruption on Indias polity and administrative service, the country has made significant progress towards becoming a fully mature democracy. With the worlds largest electorate, the Indian Republic has successfully conducted 14 general elections , all of which have been found to be free and fair, predicating compliance with international standards.An independent judiciary has ensured that Indias democratic constitution has been upheld and that the fundamental rights of Indian citizens have been maintained. An a policy-making, independent media has brought corrupt malpractices by Indian government officials and business leading to the publics perplexity, ensuring that a certain gunpoint of accountability is maintained. More importantly, the division of queen between the civilian government, judiciary and the armed forces has been consistently adhered to by means ofout independent Indias history.While democratic constitutions were drafted in Bangladesh, Burma and Pakistan, they were all nullified by military takeovers. The highest echelons of Indias armed forces have ensured that the armys role has been express to substantiating, and not over-shadowing, the civilian administrations functioning. Additionally, the responsiveness and vitality of Indias 600 million-strong electorate cannot be underestimated the resounding 1977 election defeat of Indira Gandhis Congress (I) caller and the 2004 election defeat of A. B.Vajpayees National Democratic Alliance are two such cases in point. On both occasions, the incumbent governments aspirations of securing a further five year mandate from the Indian electorate were dashed. Their deluded impressions were nullified by effective opposition campaigning, who, by promising to address the issues that directly affected the common Indian, s joind upset victories. While there are several positive aspects of Indias democracy, intrinsic problems remain. Apart from uncontrolled corruption in many aspects of Indias public administration, stark economic disparities persist. there are, in many respects, two Indias one made up of ccc million educated, affluent middle- and upper-class Indians, and other with 800 million economically deprived and socially shunned people, still awaiting their pe rcentage of Indias economic prosperity. Almost 60 years after independence, the perpetuation of such a discernible gap between the rich and poor is indicative of the lack of progression in the lives of many ordinary Indians. such(prenominal) a clear economic incompatibleiation between Indians is a direct result of the endemic corruption that has firmly taken root in Indias polity and administrative service during the last 25 years.The smite of Corruption Besetting Indias Polity Of the 159 countries surveyed, the NGO Transparency International found India to be the worlds 88th most corrupt country in its 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index . The survey, relying on work carried out by reputable research institutions, gauges the degree to which corruption is believed to beguile a countrys polity (i. e. its governmental administration). It is notable that lesser developed countries like Rwanda and Burkina Faso have a higher CPI ranking than Indias, despite having considerably lower sta ndards of living and healthcare .The alarmingly high level of corruption in Indias polity juxtaposes the fact that India is among the worlds most rapidly emerging industrializing nations . Despite being the worlds most populous democracy , corruption is a major problem among Indias politicians. Over the last quarter century, this problem has been worsened by the increased criminalization of Indias polity and the inability of Indias political leading to convert good intentions into effective legislation.This has resulted in a lack of accountability among Indias legislative bodies. The ubiquitous problem of corruption among the highest echelons of Indias polity was first brought to the publics perplexity by N. C. Vittal, Indias Central Vigilance representationer from 1998 to 2002 . By publishing the call of 85 IAS (Indian Administrative Service) officers who were charged with corruption on his commissions website in 2000 , Vittal did more to highlight the issue of corruption in In dia than any public sector employee before him.His findings altogether helped highlight the reality that modern-day Indian politics has undergone a paradigm shift from what it was like even 25 years ago. The rapid industrialization of Indias economy in the intervening time period predicates that politicians stand to gain much more from their positions of influence than ever before, effectively heightening the stakes for election to political office. This has made todays Indian parliamentary elections exercises in monetary power, where the winning candidate is ostensibly the wealthiest one.While the Indian Election Commission recommends that a maximum of 150,000 Indian Rupees be played out by candidates contesting for a seat in the Lok Sabha (Indias Lower House of Parliament), candidates have been cognize to spend upward(a)s of 20,000,000 Rupees on election campaigns . This effectively decimates the level playing-field over which elections in a democracy should be contested the ab sence of a cap on the amount that can be spent during election campaigns hands wealthier candidates an unfair dvantage over their opponents. Over the last 25 years, this added dimension to the contesting of Indian elections has resulted in the increased criminalization of Indias polity. This occupying trend was directly intercommunicate by Indias then- roseola government minister I. K. Gujral on the countrys 50th Independence Day. He conceded that corruption was ? ? eating into the vitals of the country , and he drew peoples attention to ? The nexus between the corrupt and politics as ? ? criminals are entering politics .By juxtaposing the incumbent Indian storage locker with Rajiv Gandhis at the time of his December 1984 election victory, the criminalization of Indias polity can be elicited. Gandhi, forced into national politics by his mother, Indira, after the death of his brother Sanjay in a 1980 air-crash , donned the mantle of Prime minister with a cabinet manned by respec ted statesmen, many of whom were stalwarts of his assassinated mother . Conversely, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh currently presides over a cabinet that counts six convicted criminals with charges of murder, rape, arson and embezzlement against them among its ranks.In 1984, public accountability would have proveed such an occurrence unthinkable. However, the financial clout that these criminals wield has accommodated their inclusion in Indias cabinet. This effective criminalisation of the countrys highest civilian decision-making body makes a mockery of Indian democracy instead of being served by astute decision makers, Indian citizens are being governed by its most influential citizens, many of whom have clearly used illicit means to command such influence.The criminalisation of Indias polity does not bode well for time to come generations of Indian citizens. While every Indian Prime Minister in the last 25 years has been cognizant of the threat posed by corruption, no one has pas sed effective legislation designed to set about it. When asked to assess the risk posed by corruption to Indias polity, Indira Gandhi dismissively countered that ? Corruption is a global phenomenon . Her non-committal remark encapsulates the attention paid by her administration towards thwarting corrupt practices.Her son, Rajiv, inherited a polity ridden with corruption, deepen by an ever-expanding bureaucratism that had become a Committed civil service during his mothers tenure. His desire to rectify Indias corrupt polity was clear at bottom a year of his tenure in December 1985 he addressed the knockout levels of corruption in India when he remarked ? Corruption is not only tolerated but even regarded as the hallmark of leadership. Flagrant contradiction between what we say and what we do has become our way of life. At every typify our private self crushes our social commitment .Coming to power with an overwhelming majority in parliament , exceedingly legislation designed t o address the issue of corruption would not have been difficult for him to do. Unfortunately, his efforts were diverted by other matters of state, like the economy. His sobriquet of being Mr. Clean proved ironic his reputation was significantly crooked by the A. E. Bofors Scandal . His failure to explain away the allegations of corruption levied against him proved to be the deciding reckon in his 1989 election loss to V. P. Singh .During the 1990s, India had six Prime Ministers . Apart from P. V. Narasimha Rao, none served their full terms, and all led coalition governments. Predictably, the over-accommodating nature of their governments effectively disallowed them from tackling the omnipresent threat posed by corruption to Indias polity. While Rao Prime Minister from 1991 to 1996 is best remembered for ushering in a series of economic reforms that sparked the liberalisation of Indias economy, allegations of corruption enveloped his administration, eventually implicating him.By ad opting a passive stance towards tackling corruption, Indian governments have failed to rectify one of the most formidable problems confronting Indias democracy. Their lackadaisical carriage has dampened the impact of Indias economic growth on the countrys living standards. While Indias economy has grown at a rapid rate over the last ten years, the fruits of this economic prosperity have not accrued to the common man, and are instead being enjoyed by a privileged minority.An effective measure of ascertaining the purpose to which economic prosperity has dissipated through society is to consider a countrys gross domestic fruit per capita . Indias G. D. P. per capita is lower than Pakistans, and almost half that of Chinas . A significant factor contributing to this anomaly is prevalent corruption among the highest levels of Indias business community, which aids and abets corruption among Indias politicians. Corruption in Indias economy has undermined samples made to upgrade the coun trys base.Long-term economic growth can only be sustained by having a developed infrastructural system in place, qualified of maintaining increased slew. Despite the allocation of substantial amounts of money for road development, Indias road network continues to be underdevelop . Moreover, Indias ports, vital for the exporting and importing of goods from the country, are inefficient . The same can be say of the countrys airports. These infrastructural problems point to a lack of forethought and planning by Indias bureaucrats. As will be discussed, the burgeoning size of Indias bureaucracy ogether with the ineptitude of the countrys bureaucrats has resulted in a laborious decision-making process. Corruption and inefficiency are significant obstacles inhibiting Indias attempts to realise its full economic potential. In a 2006 review conducted by the Hong-Kong think-tank ? Political and Economic pretend Consultancy, international businessmen surveyed matt-up that corruption in Indias private sector was a major concern . Moreover, they felt that corruption was an average-sized handicap, dissuading them from investing in India .This reinforces a warning issued in a 2000 Indian Supreme Court ruling, which give tongue to that, if unchecked, corruption could cause Indias socio-economic-political system to disintegrate . To ensure that the rapid advances being made by Indias economy are sustained and that national wealth is equally distributed among all sectors of society, it is imperative for corruption in the Indian economy to be effectively dealt with. Measures should be taken to ensure that government funds set aside for public works are not misallocated.By Rajiv Gandhis own admission, only 15% of all government aid allotted to welfare programs reached the people the money was intended to assist . Two inferences can be skeletal from this a majority of government money is siphoned away by officials, and corruption in Indias polity has been perpetuated ove r a considerable period of time. The corruption in Indias polity can only be addressed by passing legislation that reinforces value codes among Indian politicians. Indian lawmakers can empirically draft legislation, prescribing Codes of assume for Ministers and Members of Parliament.By holding them accountable to national legislation, more credibility will be brought towards the Indian governments fight against corruption in the polity. Additionally, seeking assistance from countries that top Global Anti-Corruption Indices can help Indian whistle-blowers incorporate international expertness in resolving the problem they confront. Indias Distended Bureaucracy A W attaine Elephant The inability of independent Indias leaders to modify the countys pre-Independence administrative system proved to be significant in the perpetuation of corruption within Indias bureaucracy.While colonial Indias administrative system was effective in carrying out the functions of the British Raj collecting taxes, maintaining law and range and upholding the status quo it was unable to modify itself into carrying out the job of circumstances, rather than subjugating independent Indias citizenry. While India was still impudently independent, officers from the Indian Civil Service (later modified to the Indian Administrative Service) capably led Indias bureaucracy, efficiently carrying out the tasks assigned to them by government.Regrettably, the last 25 years have witnessed an ebbing away in the eagre of Indias administrative officers. Rampant corruption among Indian bureaucrats and the politicisation of the Civil Service has significantly contributed towards this demur, creating a situation where Indias bureaucracy has become a White Elephant, wielding enough clout for politicians to refrain from reforming it. In 1998, the Hong-Kong think-tank ? Political and Economic Risk Consultancy rated Indias bureaucracy as being among the most corrupt in Asia .Several factors substantiate thi s assessment. The rapid rise of Indias economy has led to a huge in menstruate of foreign investment, with an increasing number of foreign firms competing for permits to set up businesses in India. This increased competition for limited vacancies widens the scope for corrupt practises to occur. Moreover, the number of people working in the Indian Administrative Service has risen exponentially since independence from 1,440,000 employees to 3,870,000 today . Understandably, this substantial increase in the workforce has led to greater levels of red-tape.To under thinned this inefficiency, many individuals and private companies have resorted to bribery. The extortionate nature of Indias bureaucrats has been compounded by the politicisation of the I. A. S. While induction into the Service was entirely meritocratic at the time of its inception, corruption now plays a significant role in the selection of candidates. Recently, serious infringements in the morality of I. A. S. officers have been brought to the publics attention with cases of corruption in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland and Maharashtra . These isolated incidents reinforce a orrying trend. The politicisation of the service has, among other things, resulted in the delegacy of power to individuals who may not be the most adept in handling the responsibility delegated to them. On Indias Independence Day, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan warned that ? ? when power outstrips ability, we will fall on evil days . In many cases, the power being designated to Indian bureaucrats far out-strips their administrative ability. Like the corruption in Indias polity, rampant corruption in Indias bureaucracy threatens to undermine the societal workings of the country in years to come.The bloated size of Indias bureaucracy is other matter needing urgent attention. With over 3,870,000 employees , it is only natural for nepotism to take root between officials at different rungs of seniority. Indias Deputy Prime Minister at the time of independence, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , specifically cautioned against the politicisation of the civil service. In a garner dated 15 October, 1948, he warned that ? The Service must be above party and we should ensure that political considerations, either in its recruitment or in its discipline and control, are reduced to the minimum, if not eliminated wholly .The idea of gaining promotion in the service through underhand means was perpetuated during the last years of Indira Gandhis tenure, some 25 years ago . As is mentioned by Madhav Godhbole, Home Secretary during Mrs. Gandhis Prime Minister-ship, ? A new breed of civil servants who were ambitious and wanted to go places fast, quickly came into prominence. Be committed (to the ruling political party) or get omitted was the slogan of the rat race . While Mrs. Gandhi strenuously denied these allegations , this shift in the expectation of Indian bureacrats marked a significant turning point in the affiliations of Indian civil servants.Instead of serving Indias citizenry, ambitious civil servants began serving the interests of the ruling party to win promotion. The rot within Indias bureaucracy can be traced back to Mrs. Gandhis tenure 25 years ago. In arriving at possible solutions for resolving the rampant corruption among Indias bureaucrats, the present situation must be carefully considered. The current salaries being awarded to Indias politicians and bureaucrats are a pittance when compared with the salaries being awarded to their counterparts internationally .By awarding salaries to government employees that are far below what is required to survive, Indian legislators are effectively compelling members of the civil service to seek alternative ways of making money. It is therefore only natural for them to forge illicit ties with opportunistic individuals. This is an internecine relationship the bureacrats ability to provide good nerve is inhibited by their ulterior commitments to indiv iduals, while the polity as a whole is at a loss as it is not being efficiently served by its administrative service.Therefore, any meaningful attempt to thwart corruption in Indias bureaucracy must begin by appointing a Pay Commission with the mandate of adjusting the pay scales of Indias civil servants in accordance with international standards. In many East Asian countries, the policy of awarding government employees high salaries has led to an increased level of integrity among the countries administrators . To begin engagement an effective battle against corruption in the bureaucracy, India must follow their lead. Indias independence leaders were mindful of the task assigned to them at the time of independence.During his 15 August 1947 address to Indias Constituent Assembly, Jawaharlal Nehru reminded his audience that ? Freedom and power bring responsibility . Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, who later became Indias President, talked along similar lines when he reminded Indians that ? A free India will be judged by the way in which it will serve the interests of the common man . During the last 25 years, an increase in corrupt practices by Indias politicians, administrative officials and business leaders has created a situation wherein India is no longish fulfilling its full potential.Corruption in India has transcended the simple giving and receiving of bribes it has become a part of the psyche of many people engaged in governance and business. As was mentioned in an editorial in Indias Economic Times newsprint dated 11 March 1998, ? This ideology (of corruption)? will have to be reshaped, ? before radical changes can be implemented . In contemporary India, the interests of the common man are no longer being met, as was alluded to by the aforementioned 2000 ruling of Indias Supreme Court.Inter alia, the ruling forewarned that ? Corruption in a civilise society is a disease like cancer which, if not detected in time, is sure to render malignant the polity of the country (India), leading to disastrous consequences . It is not impossible for India to rid itself off corruption. There have been historical precedents for Indians to draw inspiration from eighteenth century Great Britain was ? notoriously corrupt, but over a 50-year period metamorphosed into ? a regime of extraordinary public probity .This remarkable opposite was achieved by undertaking several reforms, including the instating of a meritocratic administrative service and the implementation of legislation guarding against corrupt practices . Though Indian politicians have many potentially effective ideas to combat corruption, they lack the political condemnation necessary to covert their proposals into reality. Over the last 25 years, numerous commissions have been set up by Indian governments to assess the threat posed by corruption and to map a way forward. By many accounts, corrective measures are already being taken.Between 2005 and 2006, the think-tank ? Political and Econom ic Risk Consultancy reported that the level of corruption in India had substantially decreased, from a rating of 8. 63 to 6. 76 on a scale of ten . This is the most significant fall in Indias corruption rating over the last decade, and if this is anything to go by, steps in the right direction are already being taken. Apart from the aforementioned proposals put forth to combat corruption in Indias polity and administrative service, another tool useful in furthering Indias battle against corruption is public accountability.During the last two decades, public accountability has steadily eroded, with fewer cases of corruption against government officials being levied in courts. Furthermore, logistical problems have resulted in a massive backlogging of legal cases, create major delays in bringing cases to court . To better ensure accountability, measures should be taken to rectify this. In the words of P. V. Srivastava, ? an adequately paid political class which is honest and independe nt and which is thus capable of providing clean, efficient and pro-people governance to the country (India) will resolve Indias corruption problem.However, it is important to bear in mind that, in spite of losing the incentive to be corrupt, some people continue to engage in dishonest practices. unrestricted liability is the only viable solution for bringing such people to book for their actions. As Kofi Annan once commented ? We have the means and the capacity to deal with our problems, if only we can find the political will . The political will of Indian politicians has been in short confer over the last 25 years to that extent it is the only impediment standing between India overhauling the corruption within its polity and dministrative service. 4. Outsourcing WHAT IS OUTSOURCING? The idea of outsourcing has its roots in the competitive advantage theory propagated by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations which was published in 1776. Over the years, the meaning of the te rm outsourcing has undergone a sea change. What started off as the shifting of manufacturing to countries providing jazzy wear out during the Industrial Revolution, has taken on a new connotation in todays scenario.In a world where IT has become the backbone of businesses worldwide, outsourcing is the process through which one play along hands over part of its work to another company, making it responsible for the design and implementation of the business process under strict guidelines regarding requirements and specifications from the outsourcing company. The key to this explanation is the aspect of transfer of control. This definition differentiates outsourcing from business relationships in which the emptor retains control of the process or, in other words, tells the supplier how to do the work.It is the transfer of ownership that defines outsourcing and often makes it such a challenging, painful process. In outsourcing, the buyer does not instruct the supplier how to perfo rm its task but, instead, pointes on communicating what results it wants to buy it leaves the process of accomplishing those results to the supplier. There are two principal founts of outsourcing 1. Traditional outsourcing In traditional outsourcing, employees of an enterprise cease to perform the same jobs to the enterprise. Rather, tasks are identified that need to be performed, and the employees are normally hired by the service provider.For example, an learning technology outsourcing may include a transfer of responsibility for prudence of data centers and networks (LAN, WAN, and tele conferences). In the field of facilities management, individuals acting as property managers might become employees of a facilities management company. 2. Greenfield outsourcing In greenfield outsourcing, the enterprise changes its business processes without any hiring of personnel by the service provider. For example, the enterprise might hire a startup company to provide a new service, such as wireless remote computing, that was not previously managed internally.This brings us to the areas of outsourcing. Outsourcing takes place in the following three main fields * Business Process Outsourcing It aims at providing optimum performance in critical enterprise processes. It provides labor-specific as well as cross-industry solutions, enabling thickenings to focus on core competencies and move to a higher level of performance. * Application Outsourcing This aims at applications development, management and maintenance serve that complement strategic goals and produce measurable business value.This could also encompass innovation that enables the clients to achieve high performance. * Infrastructure Outsourcing Our professionals collaborate with forward-thinking cheeks to create low-cost, high-value solutions for the entire enterprise. Accenture Infrastructure Outsourcing (IO) enables companies to transform business-critical applications and processes and achieve high performance. WHAT IS BUSINESS suffice OUTSOURCING? The BPO handles the outsourced project in a four-fold manner. * It invites companies to outsource to it by advertising its manpower efficiency and its technological advantage. The near step is achieving the desired results. The company more often than not has a prescribed set of SLAs (Service Level Agreements) that it has to meet. * Then it needs to assure clients that they would be able to deliver the desired results with utmost security, since a loss of data could lead to grave consequences for the parent company. * The final stage is the result stage. You deliver the results that lead to quality output at cheap rates, thus benefiting the parent company. The services offered by a BPO range from voice establish processes to non-voice based processes.The non-voice based processes are termed as back offices wherein computations and data feeding and processing takes place. WHY OUTSOURCE? quick changing and increasingly complex b usiness forces are bringing fundamental shifts in management and organization. The blotto advance of technology, the complexity of business operations and the need for constant growth are conditions that require core competence in too many functional areas. This business climate demands that companies adapt to keep up with the changes. The benefits of outsourcing of course are variable, dependent upon the nature and situation of the organization.However, the following is a list of common reasons why outsourcing is undertaken * To improve business focus Outsourcing lets a company focus on wide of the marker business issues while having elaborate assumed by an outside experts. * Free management from day-to-day operations oversight * Access to beginning(a) capabilities By the very nature of their specialization, outsourcing providers bring extensive worldwide resources to meeting the needs of their customers * Redirection of resources Every organization has limits on the resources addressable to it.Outsourcing permits an organization to redirect its resources from non-core activities toward activities that have greater return in serving the customer. * As business practices continue to change and evolve within organizations looking to remain competitive, the nature of outsourcing is undergoing a transformation in both its use and its impact. * Lower be due to economies of scale * Ability to concentrate on core functions * Greater tractableness and ability to define the requisite service more readily * peculiar(prenominal) supplier benefits. For example, better security, continuity, etc. Higher quality service due to focus of the supplier * better internal management disciplines resulting from the exercise itself * Less dependency upon internal resources * Control of budget * Faster apparatus of the function or service * Lower ongoing investment required in internal infrastructure * Greater ability to control delivery dates (e. g. via penalty clauses) * Lack of internal expertise * Increase flexibility to meet changing business conditions * Purchase of industry best practice * Improve risk management * Acquire innovative ideas * Increase commitment and energy in non-core areas Improve credibility and image by associating with superior providers * Generate cash by transferring assets to the provider * Gain market access and business opportunities through the suppliers network * Turn fixed costs into variable costs ADVENT OF THE BPO diligence IN INDIA Since the onset of globalization in India during the early 1990s, successive Indian governments have pursued programs of economic reform committed to liberalization and privatization. Till 1994, the Indian telecom sector was under direct governmental control and the state owned units enjoyed a monopoly in the market.In 1994, the government announced a policy under which the sector was liberalized and private participation was encouraged. The New Telecom Policy of 1999 brought in furt her changes with the introduction of IP telephony and ended the state monopoly on international calling facilities. This brought about a drastic diminution and this heralded the golden era for the ITES/BPO industry and ushered in a slew of inbound/outbound call centers and data processing centers. Although the IT industry in India has existed since the early 1980s, it was the early and mid 1990s that saw the growth of outsourcing.One of the first outsourced services was medical transcription, but outsourcing of business processes like data processing, billing, and customer condescend began towards the end of the 1990s when MNCs established wholly owned subsidiaries, which catered to the process off-shoring requirements of their parent companies. Some of the earliest players in the Indian market were American Express, GE Capital and British Airways. The ITES or BPO industry is a young and emergent sector in India and has been in existence for a little more than five years.Despite its recent arrival on the Indian scene, the industry has grown phenomenally and has now become a very important part of the export-oriented IT software and services environment. It initially began as an activity confined to multinational companies, but today it has developed into a broad based business platform backed by leading Indian IT software and services organizations and other third party service providers. The ITES/BPO market expanded its base with the creation of Indian IT companies and the ITES market of the present day is characterized by the existence of these IT giants who re able to leverage their broad skill-sets and global clientele to offer a wide spectrum of services. The spectrum of services offered by Indian companies has evolved substantially from its menial beginnings. Today, Indian companies are offering a variety of outsourced services ranging from customer care, transcription, billing services and database marketing, to wind vane sales/marketing, accoun ting, tax processing, transaction document management, telesales/telemarketing, HR hiring and biotech research. petition-SUPPLY ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY W. R. T. INDIA WHY INDIA? Robust communication infrastructure, a large English-speaking workforce, low labor costs, appropriate time-zone difference with the West and the brand equity built by the software services sector are compelling reasons for choosing India as the BPO destination. To top it all a friendly tax structure places the ITES/BPO industry on par with IT services companies.Further outsourcing to India offers significant improvements in quality and productivity for overseas companies on decisive parameters such as number of correct transactions/number of total transactions total satisfaction factor number of transactions/hour and average speed of answer. Some of the other key benefits of outsourcing from India are enlisted below * Access to leading practices external service providers give companies access to an exten sive, highly specialized knowledge basewhich providers must improve continuously to bewilder in business. Clearer strategic focus allows a manager to focus on core competencies and strategic issues rather than on routine, time-consuming activities * Better resource allocation can help shift the traditional focus from transactional activities and reporting to the delivery of forward-looking information and value-added business analysis. * Improving service quality and productivity. Fast retroversion times and the ability to offer 247 services based on the countrys unique geographic location that allows for leveraging time zone differences. Improve performancemaximize the performance of an organizations enterprise client/server computing environment through the use of the latest technology and an outsourcers performance management tools and expertise * Achieving cost effectiveness as well as cost Reductions * Significant cost savings, up to 80% in certain cases. * While it can be qu ite difficult to recruit the expected competence in Western countries, it is a completely different scenario in India, where there are lots of available programmers with a good academic background. Abundant, skilled, English-speaking manpower, which is being harnessed even by ITES hubs such as Singapore and Ireland. * Improving telecom and other infrastructure, which is at par with global standards. * Strong quality orientation among players and their focus on measuring and monitoring quality targets. * Proactive and positive policy environment, which encourages ITES/BPO investments and simplifies rules and procedures. DEMAND FOR BPOs determine DETERMINANTS The Law of demand states that higher the bell, lower the demand and vice-versa, other things remaining constant.This concept is well illustrated in the BPO industry. Since the employee costs are higher in nations like the US and the UK, they are looker towards fresher pastures to cut costs. The breakup of a fictitious company s expenses is given as follows. The overheads amount to more or less 17. 7%, the facility maintenance is around 5. 7%, the technical and telecommunication is the major expense commanding around 47. 5% while employee costs in terms of salaries and employee benefits brings up the year with 29. 2%. Now by outsourcing to an Indian firm they cut costs to the magnitude of almost 75% on employee costs.The main drawback though is the fact that they tend to lose around 35 40% in terms of technical development and telecommunication costs. But technical development is a one-time investment and the rest is more than offset by the savings on employee costs. To make matters better the international bandwidth situation has improved dramatically over the last 3 years with the launch of Indias first private undersea cable. Moreover, considerable bandwidth is also available to companies through state owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited VSNL.It has strategic stakes and has negotiated suffers to use parts of several international cables like SEA-ME-WE II, SEA-ME-WE III (40 GBPS capacity), FLAG (10 GBPS capacity) and SAFE (40 GBPS capacity) offering connectivity to most locations around the world. Other private operators in India also have aggressive plans to build undersea cable with considerable bandwidth over the next 2-3 years. Besides, the privatization of NLD operations within India has resulted in the emergence of new players. The privatization of the telecom Industry has resulted in significant doze off in telecom rates.Continuing competition in the industry with the recent entry of newer players will see a further drop in telecom prices. As a result, the telecom costs have dropped by 85% in 3 years. This has led to decreased expenditure by the international firms that have outsourced to India. A, B and C are points upon the demand slue (demand for cheap labour available in India). Each point upon the curve reflects a direct correlation between quantity demanded (Q) a nd price (P). So, at point A, the quantity demanded will be Q1 and the price will be P1, and so on.The demand relationship curve illustrates the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. The higher the price the less the quantity demanded (A), and the lower the price, the more quantity will be demanded (C). This graph further highlights the reason as to why companies are looking forward to outsourcing their processes. The reasons primal law of demand can be explained as follows * Income effect Fall in expenditure on employee costs is equal to an increase in the pay earned by the company as it now spends less in getting the same amount of work done. Substitution effect Further when the total manufacturing costs drop price of commodity falls, the consumer buys more of this commodity as compared to other commodities, which are more expensive. NON-PRICE DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND The major non-price determinant in this case is the backlash against outsourcing or off shori ng by the general American public. This is further supported by the political scenario and changing government policies and strategies. Despite these two factors being strong detractors for trade, the price payoff seems to continue to lure the vainglorious companies to outsource.It is business logic that will drive the growth in the sector. One final but major detractor after the public backlash is the issue of data security, which might be projected as a hindrance to the flow of free trade between the two nations. SUPPLY OF LABOUR TO BPOs PRICE DETERMINANTS Supply represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied into the market is known as the supply relationship. Price therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand.The law of supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a cert ain price. Opposite to the demand relationship, the supply relationship shows an upward slope. This means that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a higher quantity at a higher price offers greater revenues. A, B and C are points upon the supply curve (the supply here is of skilled labour, which may be cheap by US and UK standards but is profitable by Indian standards). Each point upon the curve reflects a direct correlation between quantity supplied (Q) and price (P).So, at point B, the quantity supplied will be Q2 and the price will be P2, and so on. A major factor affecting the supply curve is cost of payoff. The cost of production in India, where production would refer to tasks ranging from telemarketing to mere data entry, are low due to the availability of extremely cheap but skilled labour compared to the labour in the US. This is profitable for Indian companies as they can earn large profits despite paying matinee idol salaries to employees and so these producers undertake these processes on a large-scale.EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTES In the case of outsourcing, substitutes are of two symbols. The first type comprises of service providers from the same country, while the second type makes up the other countries to which processes can be outsourced. Service providers within the country that are real successful are enlisted below. Each of them specializes in single or a range of processes. * Wipro Spectramind * Daksh eServices * Office Tiger * HCL Technologies * ICICI OneSource * World Network * Exl Service. com * MsourcE * Hinduja TMT * Tracmail * ProgeonThree years since, Office Tiger is the fifth-largest third-party BPO high society in India with revenues over $25million. It has 1000 employees in two facilities. Two more Office Tiger centers will go live by the fourth quarter of2003. Besides office documentation, it now offers services as specialized as business research for the b anking industry and analytics to its 20 clients in the US and Europe. Most industry observers believe the Indian BPO industry is headed skywards. A research director (off-shore BPO), Gartner India said, India will soon have virtually a dozen $100-million third-party BPO companies.In the next 18-24 months, there will be 8 to 10 third-party operators with revenues in redundancy of $100 million. This is not too difficult to assess considering the over 70% growth of these players. The $100-million mark is crucial for two reasons First, it gives the companies a critical mass to fight multinationals like EDS, Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), Accenture and Exult Inc. Second, it gives the likely client enough confidence to trust them with larger contracts. Of course, business is still not pouring in, but Indian companies are beginning to graduate from $2-4 million contracts to tens-of-millions contracts.Early this year, HCL Technologies (HCLT) BPO Services bagged the biggest-ever thi rd-party BPO deal among Indian firms a five-year contract from British Telecom (BT) worth $160 million. Add to that an existing contract of $15 million from BTs Belfast unit and HCLT BPO has assured revenue of $175 million over the next five years. Thats $35 million a year from just one client. It has 23 more. Among others who are projected to drive through to the $100-million club by March 2005 are the $30-million Daksh eServices, the $41-million Wipro Spectramind and the $35-million World Network Services (WNS).Daksh has projected a revenue increase of 85-90% by March 2004 on the basis of ramp-up of its current projects from nine clients and Wipro Spectramind, Indias largest BPO friendship could be there in the next 12 months based on just organic growth. Others who could hit the $50-million mark are the $20-million MsourcE and the $29-million exl Service. com. Given their current growth rates, even their targets seem well within reach. For instance, exl, which started as a Con seco (US-based insurance company), promoted venture with 95% of the work coming from the arent, now does only 7% of Conseco work. If all these companies hit $100 million by 2005, they would have outdone their better known cousins-the IT services companies. The other type of substitution is in terms of countries other than India. They are given below with their advantages and disadvantages mentioned alongside. ECONOMIES OF SCALE When there are economies of scale, manufacturing costs per unit decline as a firm produces more of a product. Declining unit costs enable firms to earn excess profits the larger their scale of output.This creates a tendency toward concentration and infirm competition normally there are few producers, each one an oligopolist or monopolist, with profits sufficient to their scale of production and the number of competitors in the market. Economies of scale are important to the political economy of trade because trade enlarges the available market, which affec ts plant size. For example, trade encourages firms to expand production runs, increase capacity utilization, rationalize production facilities, and pursue mergers and acquisitions.Business Process Outsourcing is generally categorized as being transactional, niche, or comprehensive. Transactions are generally sub-processes such as account payables, account receivables, journal, general ledger, order processing, medical transcription, etc. Niche support moves up to support a complete business process by specialized business services providers such as accounting, human resources, etc. Comprehensive usually thoroughly covers multiple business processes by one of the large Business Services Providers (BSPs). Business Process Outsourcing since its inception has been the turf of large business clients.Small, and many medium sized businesses do not have the staff required to develop, negotiate, and manage the contracts, service level agreements, and other overhead associated with doing busi ness with the large Business Services Providers (BSP). As a result, business process outsourcing has been practically unavailable to small and some medium sized businesses. Major problems faced by small service vendors are * Reckless Start-ups- a vast majority of the 310 start-ups are headed for a dead-end. Their capacity utilization is less than one of the three shifts.Many of these companies that converted their empty basements and warehouses into BPO units or firms with $10 million-20 million VC funds that ran out of cash without creating anything more than white elephants. They have driven down prices to grab business, but have failed to deliver. They were always clueless about people, processes or technologies- the three key elements of the BPO business. * Poor Infrastructure- the industry has more to worry about than just reckless start-ups. Primary among those is infrastructure. While telecom networks are state of the art, getting a connection still takes up to three months.U nreliable power supply is forcing units to create their own back-ups, which they can barely afford. Roads are bad and airports are in dire need of repairs and upgrades. * High Attrition-another major problem is the high attrition and growth aspirations of the workforce. At least 60,000 of the 171,000 workforce change jobs every year. About 80% of them look for better leaders. Team leaders want to upgrade to supervisors, quality professionals or operations heads. The HR problem threatens to soon become grave. Good agents are becoming hard to find and with tardy infrastructure, big moves to the much talked about smaller towns will take longer.This means costs will rise making it difficult for small VC-funded companies to survive. The big service vendors thus highlighting the economies of scale face neither of these problems. But then as the size of the company keeps growing the diseconomies of scale strike in a big way in the form of increase in demand for employees. The BPO sector is facing a barricade of sorts, a human one. BPO companies are struggling to hire new employees in sufficient numbers in the metro cities. Consequently they are trawling small towns looking for employable graduates.For cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Bangalore demand is already outstripping supply of people. The demand for fresh graduates from BPO companies in the National Capital Region (NCR) region is around 20,000 to 25,000. The colleges and the universities within the NCR are unable to supply employable graduates to meet this demand. This is because the total number of graduates from all colleges, diploma institute and universities is not necessarily relevant. This has led to a problem wherein despite wanting to expand and accept new processes the companies cannot do so for wan of manpower.This leads to recruitment of semiskilled labour and a subsequent drop in quality. DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIBRIUM The concepts of supply and demand bring us to an important effect that they have on price. When supply and demand are equal (i. e. when the supply function and demand function intersect) the economy is said to be in equilibrium. At this point, the allocation of goods (in this case labour) is at its most efficient because the amount of goods being supplied is exactly the same as the amount of goods being demanded.Thus, everyone (individuals, firms, or countries) is satisfied with the current economic condition. At the given price, suppliers are selling all the goods that they have produced and consumers are getting all the goods that they are demanding. With abduce to the BPO industry this could be explained as follows. The demand here would be of skilled labour from international companies compliments to outsource to the service vendors in India. The supply would be of facilities and labour to complete the assigned process provide to the SLAs.The equilibrium price would be when the service vendors are sure of making reasonable amount of profits and the in ternational company is assured of having excellent quality work done at lowered rates. equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the demand and supply curve, which indicates no allocative inefficiency. At this point, the price of the goods will be P* and the quantity will be Q*. These figures are referred to as equilibrium price and quantity. In the real market place equilibrium can only ever be reached in theory, so the prices of goods and services are constantly changing in relation to fluctuations in demand and supply.